Power purchase agreements (PPAs) have increasingly shown their limitations, and energy storage and flexibility resources can offer a solution, writes John Diklev, founder and CEO of Sweden-based optimiser and flexibility asset operator Flower.

While pumped hydro plants still account for around 96% of installed capacity of stationary energy storage worldwide, there will be more than 28GW of lithium batteries deployed for stationary storage applications by the year 2028, Navigant Research has predicted.